The future of motorized vehicles is highly debated. Most people believe that all-electric vehicles are the future, regardless of their purpose. Others believe that hydrogen is the future, by using Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, or FCEVs for short. There are big disadvantages to hydrogen, and some people even have legitimate fears toward the whole concept. Big manufacturers believe in this future, such as Toyota and Hyundai, with the Toyota Mirai or respectively the Hyundai Nexo. Not only that, but quite a few automotive engineers and researchers think wholeheartedly that FCEVs are the future, albeit a distant one. But, why? Why is hydrogen power the future? Advantages and Disadvantages of HydrogenFirst things first, letâs examine the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen power and FCEVs when compared to regular electric vehicles. Hereâs a list with a bit of explanation for the logic. Starting with the advantages: StorageHydrogen is a gas, and gas can be highly pressurized to decrease its volume. Gas is also a fluid, so refueling is very simple and similar to gasoline refueling. Storing gasoline in a tank or storing hydrogen in a tank, in the grand scheme of things isnât all that different. This translates into lower carrying weight. A tank will weigh a fraction of a fuel-sized battery pack. Refueling TimeAgain, hydrogen is fluid, and it flows like a regular old fluid. Refueling a tank of hydrogen will take around the same amount of time as a regular gasoline tank. No need to wait for hours upon hours to recharge the battery pack. Clean EnergyFCEVs or hydrogen burning doesnât produce noxious fumes and release them through the tailpipe. All that it is outputting is water, thus all the pollution goes into the vehicleâs manufacturing and hydrogen production. Further, to explain clearly, think of it like this. You are making hydrogen from water, and you are using hydrogen to produce water. The whole process itself is energetically neutral, apart from the fact that you need to produce that hydrogen from water, which needs electricity. If that electricity is green (clean), then the hydrogen is purely green and called âgreen hydrogenâ. Hydrogen can be produced from coal, which isnât clean at all and doesnât help the cause whatsoever. Hydrogen is LightweightHydrogen isnât dense at all. Due to this, hydrogen isnât heavy. This means that compared to lithium-ion batteries hydrogen is very light. In a tank filled with hydrogen under good and correct conditions, it will weigh 10 times less than the equivalent lithium-ion batteries. This resolves the problem that EVs have: weight. Hydrogen is EverywhereHydrogen is the most plentiful element in the universe. On our planet, there is a lot of hydrogen around because thereâs a lot of water around. And we donât consume that water, because FCEVs output water. This means that we can optimize the most polluting vehicles out there, which are tucks and cargo ships. For reference, not even 15-percent of motorized road vehicles are semi-trucks, while they contribute more than 50-percent of the total road pollution. Notably, all the cargo ships in the world are estimated to pollute collectively more than the entire country of Germany. The all-electric semi-trucks arenât feasible, regardless of what people want and believe. But the reason for that isnât the topic of the article. If an electric truck isnât feasible, then an FCEV semi-truck is surely possible. Switching semi-trucks from diesel to some kind of electric powertrain is the anti-pollution move. FCEVs resolve the problems that regular EVs have: heavy batteries and long battery recharge times. However, not everything is sunshine and roses. Hydrogen has its disadvantages, some of which are: Creating Hydrogen is InefficientThe only way we can reliably create hydrogen is through water electrolysis. To create electricity for FCEV all we do is create water through the reverse process. So, we are using water and electricity to create hydrogen, then create water and electricity using hydrogen. This whole process has an efficiency of around 40-percent and that is not great in the slightest. On the other hand, charging batteries from the get-go has an efficiency of over 90-percent. Hydrogen Isnât DenseHydrogen is in fact the least dense element around. For reference, to store enough hydrogen to drive 300 miles, you would need around a 200-liter or approximate 53-gallon fuel tank, 5 kg (11 pounds) of Hydrogen stored at 700 bars (10,000 psi). As a result, the tank would be three to four times the size of a regular gasoline tank. Transporting Hydrogen is a HassleSure, we can create hydrogen and fuel vehicles with hydrogen. However, how do we get hydrogen over there? Well, by using a regular semi-truck. And that is not a particularly great option. The hydrogen also needs to be stored to the same pressures, while also not having the ability to transport a huge amount at a time because, remember, hydrogen isnât that dense. Poor InfrastructureNot many countries sell or offer hydrogen in their gas stations. Not a lot of hydrogen is produced, to begin with. The only major markets are in Japan, California, and Germany. Until the market develops a bit, there isnât a huge economical incentive to market such vehicles, so there wonât be many for a while. Risk of Fire and ExplosionThis is an issue that both fossil fuels and lithium-ion batteries have. If hydrogen is outputted in a fire or ignited via a spark, it will cause a fire or explode. There are usually safety measures, which cause the hydrogen to simply be released into the atmosphere without issues. The risks are similar to most fuels out there, but not having them removed is still a disadvantage. Now you know the FCEVâs advantages and disadvantages, but you might ask: how do they even work? Well, hereâs how. How Hydrogen WorksLetâs start with the hydrogen itself. As I stated briefly above, hydrogen is produced by using the electrolysis of water. This is explained briefly but thoroughly as such: by applying a current to the water, the water molecule decomposes into oxygen and hydrogen. This is done because that electricity is enough of a push to produce a decomposition reaction that naturally wouldnât occur. Water is held together via chemistry and wants to do so naturally. If you apply a current strong enough to break that âchemical bondâ the water will be broken down into its components. This electricity can be made by using green electricity, from solar panels or windmills, or by coal burning. Currently, most hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of natural gas, or more precisely methane. Methane combined with water under high heat produces hydrogen and carbon oxide. Hydrogen produced this way is classified as âgreyâ if said carbon oxide is released in the atmosphere, or blue if itâs captured and stored. Methane pyrolysis can also be used. Think of pyrolysis as electrolysis, but instead of electricity you use high amounts of heat. This process is classified as âturquoiseâ because the output is pure industrial-grade carbon, which can be used and doesnât pollute. Fuel CellsFuel cells use a chemical such as an electrolyte to make the hydrogen inside the tank, along with the airborne oxygen to create a process called reverse electrolysis. If electrolysis happens by using electricity, reverse electrolysis produces electricity. That electricity is used to drive electric motors and drive the vehicle forward. The tailpipe output is, as such, water. The electrolyte is a substance that allows the hydrogen to flow between the two sides of the fuel cell. Think of it as a catalyst, or the opposite pair of that âelectrical pushâ done in the electrolysis of water. Fuel cell electric vehicles use said electricity in the same way as a regular EV. They both use electric motors, the same kind of transmission, everything is mostly the same. FCEVs also have a small battery pack for quick overtakes and whatnot, much smaller than a regular EV, but still a battery pack. So, apart from the source of electricity, fuel cell electric vehicles work in the same manner as a regular EV. Now, allâs good concerning a basic principle of how they operate. The second question is: who even makes them nowadays? Toyota, Hyundai, and HondaThe manufacturers who produce them to this day and which have some success doing so are Toyota, Hyundai, and Honda. The models are the Mirai, which got upgraded to its second generation for Toyota, and the Nexo for Hyundai. The Nexo is quite recent, and before it, the Hyundai ix35/Tucson had a hydrogen alternative which was released in 2013, which was again predated by the Hyundai Santa Fe FCEV back in 2001. Honda joined the game in 2008 with the Honda Clarity, which was updated to its second iteration in 2016, similar to the Mirai. Many manufacturers bet strongly on FCEVs for semi-trucks. For example, Hyundai has its XCINET program, which aims to bring 1,600 FCEV semi-trucks in Switzerland by 2025. Mercedes-Benz has a prototype FCEV truck, nicknamed the GenH2 Truck. It was unveiled in 2020, prototypes will enter trials in 2023 and they are expected to be sold to customers in 2027. They are testing the GenH2 truck with the same standard that the regular Actros were tested with. Importantly, Mercedes-Benz plans on using liquid hydrogen, not gaseous hydrogen due to the extra energy density it has in its liquid form. Volvo helps Mercedes with this program. Notably, they are taking 50-percent of the stake and producing the truck together. Japan, California, and GermanyBut back to the regular cars. These are sold in Japan because their hydrogen infrastructure is quite developed over there, while also being sold in California and Germany. The California region is under development as far as its hydrogen network is concerned, estimating that by 2022 there will be 100 hydrogen fuel stations across the region. Germany invested billions of dollars in its hydrogen infrastructure because they consider hydrogen to be a multi-purpose energy carrier. Along with the development of the whole hydrogen European market Germany hopes to capitalize on this market. Only âblueâ or âturquoiseâ hydrogen, or more precisely CO2-neutral hydrogen will be sold. In Japan, there are over 130 hydrogen refueling stations at this time, with huge plans to develop the network even further. All this sounds very futuristic, doesnât it? Well, they are available right now, albeit limited. They are available only in those three areas. When a hydrogen network will be developed for a specific country, Toyota and Hyundai will surely bring their cars to them. They are available either by buying them or only by leasing them as it is in the Honda Clarityâs case. Do they have a future? Well, if people start following the movement, then governments may invest more into this technology. If so, then hydrogen will surely have a bright future. The Importance of FCEVsHydrogen vehicles are very important right now. They are the only viable means of cutting the pollution level of semi-trucks reliably. Driving across the entirety of California in an EV semi-truck carrying a full trailer of tomatoes is easier with a tank of hydrogen compared to also hauling a trailer full of batteries and waiting a day for them to charge at the halfway point. Hydrogen, when used, doesnât produce any pollution, just regular old water. The Nexo can clean the air around it. For instance, this model filters the surrounding air of fine particulates, such as those produced by petrol and diesel engines. As such, they produce water and cleaner air. The only issue is hydrogen production. Hydrogen can be produced via coals (which doesnât help) or it can be produced entirely by green energy, which is the final goal. Will hydrogen play a role going forward? In my eyes, as an automotive engineer who heard other automotive engineers with decades of experience who share the same opinion, the answer is yes. It will play a huge role going forward. This is the only viable way to neutralize the pollution of semi-trucks and possibly cargo ships, due to the higher energy density, not as good as fossil fuels, but 8 to 14 times as light as lithium-ion batteries. Without the development of hydrogen, the future of transportation, not only of cars, is shabby. References
FCEV photos copyright the respective manufacturer. The post Hydrogen Power: About Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles appeared first on Auto Trends Magazine. Hydrogen Power: About Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles published first on https://jacobslowpriceautoglass.tumblr.com/ via Tumblr Hydrogen Power: About Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
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The Chevrolet Bolt was supposed to underscore GMâs electric vehicle prowess. Following on the heels of the plug-in electric hybrid Chevrolet Volt, the new model offered GM a strong 1-2 punch in the electric sphere. That was 2017 and since then, GM discontinued the Chevy Volt. Presently, the company is pouring its resources into the Bolt and developing new models based on its upcoming Ultium EV architecture. The new tech is a clear departure from what underpins the Bolt, which utilizes LG. GM is so bullish on its own tech that Honda will also benefit from a pair of models. A Series of Bolt RecallsBut much has changed over the past four years and little for the good. The Bolt gained a second body style and an updated design for 2022. But it has also caused GM a considerable headache and financial challenges. Indeed, a series of recalls beginning in late 2020 underscore how dreadful the problem is. To begin, GM identified nearly 51,000 Chevrolet Bolt EVs built for the 2017 to 2019 model years and recalled most in November 2020. Not much later, GM upped the ante to include approximately 18,000 more models for the same model years. At issue with the initial recall is that GM stated the vehicles might have defective cells. In June 2021, GM issued a recall covering the initial batch of vehicles after its engineers identified a pair of possible defects that might be found in the same cell. The Bolt problem escalated in August when GM recalled every Bolt produced since its release. Covering more than 142,000 units and six model years, the automaker now promises to replace the battery cells in every model. The company cites about twelve reported fires to date. No injuries or deaths have been reported, but the automaker is facing a public relations, logistics, and financial nightmare that wonât easily be resolved. Recall Instructions and LG AssistanceThe instructions GM has given owners included receiving software updates to limit charges to 90 percent of capacity. Further, owners were instructed to operate their vehicles in Hill Top Reserve. Later, GM told owners not to park their vehicles in their garages. GM followed up by directing owners to park their cars at least 50 feet away from other cars. GM is blaming LG for the problem and is seeking assistance from its battery supplier to reimburse it for the defective cells. This year, GM took an $800 million charge off for the batteries and is seeking $1 billion from LG. At the same time, the automaker has directed its supplier to increase production, but it still needs to ensure the problem has been identified and fixed. Meanwhile, GM stopped Bolt production and ended sales, at least until the problem is rectified. Customers, of course, are rightly concerned about their vehicles with some wondering if a fire is imminent. Even with following GMâs recall instructions to a âT,â no one knows with any certainty when their vehicles will be fixed. Moreover, the parking instructions are concerning for anyone living in an urban environment as it is nearly impossible to part a Bolt more than a few feet away from a building or other vehicles. New Electric VehiclesThe Bolt nightmare is casting a shadow over other planned GM electric vehicles, including the soon-to-be-released GMC Hummer EV. The Cadillac Lyriq follows next year with many more models slated in subsequent years. Further, Acura and Honda models are planned as GM and Honda move forward in their business relationship. The two companies are not merging, but they are actively collaborating on joint projects. Certainly, GM has its work cut out to fix the problem before it shifts to electric vehicles. This also means ensuring that its in-house Ultium line is up to the task. Or, the company risks losing business as doubtful customers stay away. See Also â 7 Facts About the 2022 Chevrolet Bolt Nightmare photograph courtesy of Magwood Photography. The post GMâs Chevrolet Bolt Nightmare appeared first on Auto Trends Magazine. GMâs Chevrolet Bolt Nightmare published first on https://jacobslowpriceautoglass.tumblr.com/ via Tumblr GMâs Chevrolet Bolt Nightmare The Ford Motor Company is discontinuing the EcoSport, its smallest crossover utility vehicle. Built in India and introduced to the U.S. market in late 2017, the little SUV goes away as the automaker winds down its Indian manufacturing arm. The EcoSport is also built in Romania for the European market, but Ford wonât reallocate production for the U.S. Ford to Close its Indian Manufacturing OperationsCanceling the EcoSport follows on the heels of Fordâs September 9 announcement that it was restructuring its Indian operations. Specifically, the automaker says it plans to âsignificantly expand its 11,000-employee business solutionâ department to support the company globally. On the other hand, the company will cease manufacturing vehicles for sale in India right away. This means that Ford will manufacture vehicles for export into the second quarter of 2022. As a result, the countryâs lone Ford vehicle for export, the EcoSport, will not be available after the 2022 model year. Ford also says the company will import select models, such as the Mustang and eventually the Mustang Mach-E. Still, the companyâs presence will become a mere token there, even as manufacturers such as Hyundai find enormous success. Average EcoSport Sales at BestThe EcoSport has never been a strong seller for Ford, although annual sales have topped 60,000 units twice since its stateside introduction. Competition is fierce with such models as the Honda HR-V, Chevrolet Trax, and Kia Seltos battling it out. With the EcoSport out of the way, the Ford Escape once again becomes the entry-level model in the segment. It is joined by the Ford Bronco Sport. Losses and the Dissolution of a JVFordâs decision follows news that the company has lost more than $2 billion in India over the past decade. Further, the companyâs plan to manage a joint venture with Mahindra & Mahindra ended. That arrangement has Mahindra holding 51 percent of the operation and Ford the remaining 49 percent. Moreover, Ford would have transferred control of its two manufacturing plants to the JV. Instead, those plants will soon close. Critics never endorsed the EcoSport, citing an aged design, a weak base engine, and a cramped interior among the reasons shoppers should look elsewhere. Indeed, the little SUV has always operated at a disadvantage as it arrived late to the segment and it was an older design at that. Moreover, some found it quirky with its side-opening cargo door and base three-cylinder engine. On the other hand, others have praised it for its responsive steering, tight turning radius, and stellar towing capabilities. Notably, when properly equipped, the EcoSport pulls up to 2,000 pounds and that is outstanding for the segment. Ford EcoSport OverviewWe do not have details about the final model year EcoSport yet. Likely, because of the ongoing chip shortage, only small numbers of this crossover will find their way stateside before production begins. As for the 2021s, Ford offers the EcoSport in S ($20,395), SE ($23,960), Titanium ($26,895), and SES ($28,155) trims. Add $1,245 for the destination fee. Choose all-wheel drive and it is a $1,595 upgrade on the first three trims and includes the larger engine. The top-trim SES comes with standard all-wheel drive. The standard engine for the EcoSport is a tiny 1.0-liter turbocharged three-cylinder with 123 horsepower and 125 pound-feet of torque. Also available is a 2.0-liter naturally aspirated four-cylinder engine with 166 horsepower and 149 pound-feet of torque. Both engines route power to the wheels utilizing a six-speed automatic transmission. The EcoSport offers a decent amount of standard tech, including a Wi-Fi hotspot. However, on the safety front, it does not match its competitors in the equipment offered. End of the LineThe Ford EcoSport will likely be soon forgotten, as its imprint on the American market is quite small. Nevertheless, it will leave a hole in Fordâs utility vehicle marketing strategy, something that could be filled by the Puma if the automaker decides to move in that direction. See Also â Cute Ute: 2018 Ford EcoSport Photos copyright Stumpwater Media Group, LLC. All rights reserved. The post Ford Says Good-Bye to the EcoSport appeared first on Auto Trends Magazine. Ford Says Good-Bye to the EcoSport published first on https://jacobslowpriceautoglass.tumblr.com/ via Tumblr Ford Says Good-Bye to the EcoSport When the current-generation Chevrolet Silverado rolled out in 2019, it did not do much to move the needle. Style changes, an expanded engine range, and a few tech updates were not sufficient. Meanwhile, subsequent new versions of the Ford F-150 and Ram 1500 provided further separation in the segment. In particular, the Ram received plaudits for its effusive styling and polished interior. It also replaced the Silverado as the second-best-selling model in the segment behind the perennial F-150. As expected, Chevroletâs response is a mid-cycle update, a strong one at that. To begin, a four-wheel-drive-only ZR2 trim rolls out, already a popular off-road variant on the midsize Chevrolet Colorado model. Further, the 2022 Silverado features a refreshed exterior, an overhauled interior, tweaks to a pair of engines, and available Super Cruise autonomous driving. Exterior and Interior ChangesThe exterior update is more evolutionary than revolutionary. Thatâs what you would expect in a midcycle refresh. A redesigned grille and headlights, along with new 18-, 20-, and 22-inch wheel options chart the changes. The grille and headlights look more refined, which is the right direction to take. Inside, though, the changes are revolutionary and cover all but the base trim. The most noticeable change involves a new 13.4-inch diagonal touch-screen display. Notably, this represents a significant improvement over the available 8-inch screen. The instrument panel receives its own 12.3-inch diagonal driver information center, which replaces the traditional dials with a thoroughly modern interface. But Chevrolet did not stop there. The Silverado features finer materials across the board. Indeed, choose the High Country trim and it now has a âhigh-browâ look befitting its lofty price. Specifically, real open-pore woods are available and placed higher on the dashboard, including on the upper glovebox. New switchgear supplies sophistication. We like the look of the modern transmission shifter located between the seats. The gear change layout is on the face of the shifter, like what some luxury models have. Further, a more elegant and comfortable Ares leather trim on the top models raises the premium quotient considerably. Engine TweakingUnder the hood, Chevrolet addressed its two smallest engines to help make them more competitive. Since this generationâs debut, Chevrolet offered a turbocharged four-cylinder engine. Thatâs still the only four-mil in its class. It also produces 310 horsepower and that number is unchanged for 2022. What has changed is its torque, going from 348 pound-feet to a whopping 420 pound-feet. That represents the largest output of any base engine in its class. The other engine benefitting from a change is the 3.0-liter turbo-diesel. Its power numbers remain 277 horsepower and 460 pound-feet of torque. What has improved is its towing capacity, as it has increased a whopping 4,000 pounds to 13,300 pounds. We are not certain what impact that will have on fuel economy, but we do believe it will make a big difference for shoppers wanting a diesel option with strong pulling power. SuperCruise and Driver-Assist TechnologyGMâs Super Cruise driver-assistance system also comes to the 2022 Silverado. This system brings in semi-autonomous driving, allowing drivers to remove their hands from the steering wheel for short times on the highway. The technology utilizes global positioning system sensing, enhanced data, and works with Chevrolet connected services to keep vehicles centered. Also changed for this year, Chevroletâs driver-assist safety suite is now standard. We are seeing pickup trucks with a full range of safety equipment as they catch up to other body styles. Off-Road ZR2 ModelAnother important change for 2022 involves an all-new ZR2 trim. This one supplants the various TrailBoss models that have recently showcased the brandâs off-road prowess. This model includes a unique grille with integrated lighting, a black hood insert, special badging, a dedicated wheel design, and exclusive color combinations inside. Choose the ZR2 trim and this model receives the brandâs range-topping 6.2-liter V8 engine. With an output of 420 horsepower and 460 pound-feet of torque, it does not pretend to take on the Ford F-150 Raptor or the Ram 1500 TRX in performance. However, its off-road chops appear strong, thanks to its Multimatics suspension dampers, enhanced springs for suspension travel, chassis tweaks, and a special Terrain mode for one-pedal off-road navigating. Furthermore, this model features a raised steel front bumper, which permits a 31.8-degree approach angle, along with skid plates and 33-inch off-road tires. Chevrolet also moved the dual exhaust system to lessen the chance of damage under vigorous rock climbing. Among the other engine changes, the 4.3-liter V6 engine goes away as does an active fuel management version of the 5.3-liter V8. The previously available 6-speed automatic transmission has also disappeared. As far as we can tell, a 10-speed automatic transmission is a standard across the model line. Trim Range and Other DetailsWe believe the changes to the 2022 Silverado will be well received by Chevy faithful. It will also make this truck more competitive in its class. Lastly, the trims now include Work Truck, LT, RST, LT Trail Boss, ZR2, LTZ, and High Country. We will have pricing and other model details just ahead of the truckâs release later this fall. See Also â About the Heavy-Duty Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD and 3500HD Photos copyright GM Corp. The post Refreshed 2022 Chevrolet Silverado Adds ZR2 Trim;<br/>Makes Additional, Substantial Changes appeared first on Auto Trends Magazine. Refreshed 2022 Chevrolet Silverado Adds ZR2 Trim;Makes Additional, Substantial Changes published first on https://jacobslowpriceautoglass.tumblr.com/ via Tumblr Refreshed 2022 Chevrolet Silverado Adds ZR2 Trim;Makes Additional, Substantial Changes A Corolla Cross model for Toyotaâs popular compact car range. The Corolla Cross is the latest model in the Corolla family, the first crossover utility vehicle to share the Corolla badge. The new model rolls out in October 2021 and will sit between the Toyota C-HR and the Toyota RAV4. We previewed the Toyota Corolla Cross at a national media debut event in Austin, Texas, this month and have much to share about this new model. Naming ConventionThat Toyota chose the Corolla name for its latest crossover utility vehicle makes sense. After all, the Corolla is one of the best-selling models of all time, with more than 50 million units produced since its 1966 inception. Declining car sales in the U.S. market notwithstanding, the cache wrapping the Corolla name was simply too hard to ignore. Now, the Corolla product line is comprised of a sedan, hatchback, and crossover. We already have a Corolla Hybrid sedan; expect a Corolla Cross Hybrid in 2023. Made in AmericaThe Corolla Cross is new to the U.S. market, although it has found its way to a few markets ahead of its fall stateside debut. The U.S.-spec model will be built at the new Mazda Toyota Manufacturing Plant in Huntsville, Alabama. Notably, the joint venture means that up to 150,000 units of the Corolla Cross can be assembled there annually. A Toyota spokesperson says that the automaker expects to reach that capacity by its third year. Available All-Wheel DriveThe Toyota Corolla has long been synonymous with front-wheel drive. This holds true for the Corolla Cross. However, all-wheel drive is an option, the first time a Corolla model of any kind offers it. Toyotaâs strategy is similar to Nissanâs, as the small Kicks is front-wheel-drive only, just like the Toyota C-HR. The Corolla Cross will compete directly with the Nissan Rogue Sport, which comes with standard front-wheel drive and available all-wheel drive. Competitive SetBesides the Nissan Rogue Sport, the Corolla Cross has several other competitors in the market. In our press gathering, Toyota named the Subaru Crosstrek and Hyundai Kona as two of its competitors. Other models worth cross-shopping include the Honda CR-V, Ford Bronco Sport, Volkswagen Taos, Jeep Renegade, and the Kia Seltos. We believe the Kia Soul is another model worth a comparison. Three Trims to StartWhile other Corolla body styles have upwards of five trims, the Corolla Cross has just three: L ($22,195), LE ($24,545), and XLE ($26,325). Add $1,215 for the destination charge. Choose all-wheel drive and it is a $1,300 upgrade. Importantly, the Corolla Cross with all-wheel drive offers just over 8 inches of ground clearance. Exterior EquipmentToyota equips the Corolla Cross with LED headlights and LED taillights, 17-inch steel wheels, and remote keyless entry. Among the upgrades are 17- or 18-inch alloy wheels, fog lamps, roof rails, and power-controlled and heated side mirrors. Bundled within certain packages are a moonroof and a power rear liftgate. Interior EquipmentThis crossoverâs cabin is relatively roomy and open, offering space for four or five in a pinch. Most trims make use of hard and soft materials with standard cloth seating. Upgraded cloth seats and imitation leather are available. Full power accessories, air conditioning, and rear HVAC vents are included. The list of upgrades includes automatic climate control â single or dual zone. Push-button start, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, a power driverâs seat, and heated front seats are available. A rear-folding armrest and a tonneau cover are other available features of note. Up to 26.5 cubic feet of standard cargo space graces this model. Fold down the rear seat and that space more than doubles to 66.8 cubic feet for one of the largest measurements in its class. Consequently, the rear compartment is large enough to hold modest-sized yard sale finds. Tech FeaturesOn the tech front, a 7-inch touch-screen display is included with the L, while the LE and XLE have an 8-inch touch-screen display. The L and LE feature a 4.2-inch multi-information display, with the XLE offering a 7-inch MID. A 6-speaker audio system with a trial satellite radio subscription is standard. Further, Android Auto, Apple CarPlay, Amazon Alexa, and two USB ports are included. Qi-compatible wireless charging is included with the LE and XLE trims. Moreover, both trims gain a USB port for the rear compartment. A 9-speaker JBL audio system is optional with all but the base model. Safety FeaturesToyota continues to offer standard driver-assist tech features with its many models. In the Corolla Cross it is the Toyota Safety Sense 2.0 package. This one includes a pre-collision system with pedestrian and cyclist detection, lane departure alert with steering assist, and lane tracing assist. Furthermore, the package includes automatic high beams, road-sign assist, and full-speed cruise control with stop and go. Separately, blind-spot monitoring with rear cross-traffic alert is included. On the XLE trim, Toyota swaps out the alert for automatic braking. An adaptive front-lighting system with automatic leveling is available. On the RoadToyota gave journalists plenty of opportunities to drive the Corolla Cross. All three trims were available and included both front-and all-wheel-drive choices. This writer rode or drove in five versions fully apprise its capabilities. On the power side of the house, there is no difference between trims. Indeed, with only one powertrain choice available, it is easy to deduce how well this model will perform under a variety of conditions. We found the Corolla Cross engine offers average power, while the continuously variable transmission shuttles power to the wheels largely without drama. The difference with the Toyota CVT though is that it relies on a planetary or fixed gear to kick things off â this is useful as CVTs are notoriously slow when moving away from a dead stop. Engine NoiseThe engine is loud at times, especially under full throttle. The CVT eases as well, pulling back on the band curve. We found the steering responsive and nicely weighted. We also appreciated the tight turning radius afforded when needed. The Corolla Cross offers a relatively smooth ride with average cabin quiet. The brakes are firm to the touch. You wonât be taking the Corolla Cross off road unless you count well-worn paths or gravel roads in the mix. The advantage of all-wheel drive is apparent with its independent suspension system and torque management system. Indeed, that system shuttles up to 50 percent of the power to the rear wheels when needed. We did not have any model for long before switching to another trim to test it. Yet, we could see that the gas gauge needle was slow to move down, confirming its efficiency. Per the EPA, the front wheel-drive version averages a combined 32 mpg city and highway, while the all-wheel drive model averages 30 mpg. These numbers match or are better than what its competitors achieve. Our VerdictA one-day preview of a new vehicle gives journalists a decent understanding of how a model looks, feels, and performs. Yet, it takes about a week of driving to fully ascertain just how well it will perform overall. This writer owns a similar 2020 Corolla sedan. Thus, there are more similarities between them with the powertrain and interior than there are differences. We are Corolla fans and can see the Corolla Cross as a viable alternative to the other body styles. All in all, the 2022 Toyota Corolla Cross makes the grade and should meet the automakerâs sales expectations. If there is one demerit that nags us, it is the shortened front seats that do not offer enough thigh support for tall passengers. Other than that, we would head to the XLE trim and opt for a moonroof and power liftgate. As equipped with all-wheel drive, this example costs about $30,000, and that is still thousands of dollars less than a similarly equipped Toyota RAV4. More PhotosSee Also â What is the Toyota Avanza? Photos copyright Stumpwater Media Group, LLC. All rights reserved. The post Previewed: 2022 Toyota Corolla Cross appeared first on Auto Trends Magazine. Previewed: 2022 Toyota Corolla Cross published first on https://jacobslowpriceautoglass.tumblr.com/ via Tumblr Previewed: 2022 Toyota Corolla Cross Gas struts, also known as lift supports or lift struts, are essential parts of our cars, trucks, boats, and more. We rely on them almost daily to easily open and close the vehicleâs hood, trunk, or tailgate. However, gas strut applications go beyond just autos â you can also find these handy lift supports in lawnmowers, toolboxes, toy boxes, attic doors, concession stands, aircraft storage doors, tanning beds, and various industrial applications. Lift supports act as a reliable and convenient support system for doors, hoods, and more. Theyâre available in various styles to suit various automotive and non-automotive applications and needs. In this post, weâll be focusing on gas struts for automotive applications and how they work. Why Do We Need Gas Struts?Gas struts are necessary to create a dependable and easy way of opening trunks, hoods, tailgates, and hatches. They attach directly to the vehicle body or structure with clips or screws. The strutâs pushrod is connected internally using an operating spring that compresses when it is extended outwards from its holder (the âgasâ effect). Gas struts are available in two different styles: pneumatic and electric. While both types operate similarly â they rely on gas pressure within the piston-type cylinder to provide stability â there are still some key differences worth noting. These include:
Key point: The main difference between these two types is where they get their power from â in other words, whether itâs supplied with external pressure or not. Additionally, because pneumatic strut cylinders donât need any wiring whatsoever, theyâre easier and less costly to install than electrically operated units would be. How Gas Struts WorksGas struts work by compressing the gas within a cylinder. The compressed air causes pressure to build on one side of the piston and decrease on the other, creating movement in an arc-like motion. Gas struts are connected at one end with a pin or ball sockets so that they can pivot easily from their stationary positions when mounted onto brackets. When activated by pneumatic force or electrical current, hydraulic fluid is pumped through pressurized tubing into chambers located inside each strut, where it exerts force against pistons to move them up and down relative to cylinders attached to both ends of every strut. These compression movements create enough leverage for lifting heavy loads without bending under pressure. Compression movements create enough force for quick response time in lift functionality, such as lifting your carâs hood or trunk, so you donât have to wait around for long periods between movement cycles before going onto your next task. How a Gas Strut Generates a ForceGas struts generate force by compressing the air inside the chamber. For example, when you press on one end of a strut, it releases gas from its other side, and this causes an equal but opposite force to be exerted in turn. As long as there is enough pressure applied at either end, the air will continue to compress until all of it has been released out through the return valve, creating a vacuum that forces the piston back into place. This process can happen very quickly because compressed air molecules are more densely packed together, so they exert greater pressure than those not yet under compression. Gas struts are designed with seals around their chambers, preventing any natural loss of fluid or leakage no matter how many times theyâre used. Gas Struts as DampersGas struts can also be used as dampers, which provide a soft and controlled stop to moving objects. In this case, the gas is compressed by an external force rather than its own internal pressure. In other words, itâs externally pressurized during use. Some applications include rear-view mirrors mounted using one of these devices, so they donât get damaged with sudden movements. Gas Struts as Energy ReservoirsGas struts are used as a reservoir of energy that is stored in the form of compressed air. Most automotive gas struts use this type of system because it is efficient and doesnât require a lot of energy to compress the air. When activated by either pressing or pulling them down from their original position, a gas strut allows motion without requiring any additional input of physical force. That means that they have little friction-force loss and will continue to move until there is some external resistance applied. The effect of this self-powered movement makes it very easy to create smooth transitions between opening and closing car hoods, trunks, or tailgates. However, when they no longer work as expected, their movement fails, which can be a safety risk when you lack support when opening liftgates â check out these symptoms of bad or failing gas struts. How a Gas Strut Stores and Releases EnergyAs mentioned above, gas struts store energy in the form of compressed air. Compressed air is high-pressure, and when released, it has kinetic energy, which can be used to move objects such as a hood, trunk, or another liftgate. The benefit of using gas struts rather than other types like springs lies in how quickly they can respond to changes in pressure (usually within milliseconds) and how long their response will last before needing more pressurized air input again. How Does the Gas Stay Inside?In order for the gas to stay inside the strut without leaking out, it needs two things: an open end through which more gas can enter and exit when needed, called the nozzle; and valves on either side of that opening â one valve opens while another closes at each point where the pressure changes (thatâs what makes them âgasâ struts). This way, when a load is applied, gas can flow in and out of the strut to compensate for changes. Why Use Gas Struts?Gas struts are an efficient and effective way to improve the performance of your lift support needs. Theyâre often used in car hoods, trunks, doors, rear windows, and tailgates, where they serve as safety features that help keep them closed or open when needed. Understanding how these gas struts work is vital so you can identify when theyâre no longer working efficiently. If your gas struts or lift supports are old, damaged, or malfunctioning, itâs time for a replacement. Just make sure to get quality replacements for your car. Image 1: https://unsplash.com/photos/BWnHYb6kZAA Image 2: https://unsplash.com/photos/NfAmXcv9rVA The post How Automotive Gas Struts Work appeared first on Auto Trends Magazine. How Automotive Gas Struts Work published first on https://jacobslowpriceautoglass.tumblr.com/ via Tumblr How Automotive Gas Struts Work Horsepower and torque are important numbers with the general idea that bigger is better since it makes your car faster. But what precisely do they represent? Simply put, horsepower and torque are a few figures which can indicate the performance of an engine. Importantly, they actually shouldnât be taken at face value, and they should always be analyzed. Therefore, let us analyze them individually. Torque Means Pulling PowerAn engineâs torque indicates, with general simplifications, the engineâs pulling power. Specifically, the greater the number, the more can the engine pull or tow. Torque is a force applied on an arm, whatever that arm may be, causing the said arm to spin. The force shows how powerful said spin is. Certainly, not how fast the said spin is, but precisely how powerful it is. In other words, the bigger the force and the bigger the arm, the greater the twist. The force is the fuelâs explosion which pushes the piston down, and the arm is the connecting rod journal bearingâs radius on the crankshaft (imagine that the hand in that gif is the piston and that the wrenchâs length is that radius I was talking about). The bigger the radius, the more force it produces. Also bear in mind that when discussing towing weight, it does not necessarily mean a trailer. Indeed, a carâs chassis is also towing weight. Different Kinds of TorqueEngine torque and wheel torque vary massively. A gear ratio also multiples torque by the said gear ratio. Also, torque can be multiplied by the wheelâs radius. For example, if you have a total gear ratio of 5, a wheel of 15 inches in diameter (weâll ignore the tireâs sidewall height for simplicity), and engine twist of 100 pound-feet at 2000 rpm, the wheel torque will be 312.5 pound-feet. This is important since perhaps a car has low engine torque but said force is being multiplied significantly, which causes the smaller number may look worse than it seems. Further, as a general guideline, diesel engines produce copious amounts of torque, since their connecting rods are usually longer than a regular gasoline engine. Thus, this makes that radius mentioned bigger, producing more torque in the process. For this reason, diesel engines are used for trucks and semi-trucks. They must tow trailers and move them at a decent pace, but not at racing speeds. Horsepower and TorqueHorsepower indicates how fast an engine produces said twist. Torque multiplied by time is power. Simply put, this indicates how fast the engine can tow said weight. Specifically, the faster it can tow that weight, the faster the car is, at least this is usually so. The time in an engineâs case is RPM and high RPMs create more power. This explains why diesel engines do not have generous amounts of horsepower. Indeed, a diesel engine has a redline of around 4000 RPM, while a Honda S2000 with a gas engine has a redline of 9000 RPM. Even if the S2000 has low torque, when it rotates more than twice as fast as a diesel engine, you can expect it to output significant amounts of power. Horsepower and Vehicle WeightHorsepower comes with numerous caveats of its own. One of them is the power-to-weight ratio, which people routinely ignore. Remember, the engine develops the power, not the car itself. By tying the weight to the engine, you can see how fast a particular car can tow a ton of weight. Now, letâs consider two examples to prove a small point. Let us begin by examining a basic Dodge Challenger with its 3.6-liter V6 engine. That car produces 295 horsepower at its highest. The Challenger weighs around 3,800 pounds. Notably, if you divide 295 horsepower by 1.7 tons, you will find a power-to-weight ratio of 174 horsepower/ton. Now let us consider a Mazda MX-5, which is a much smaller car with a near correspondingly smaller engine. In particular, the ND2 MX-5 with a 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine. That engine produces 181 horsepower, while the car weighs just 2,300 pounds. This means that the power-to-weight ratio is 181 horsepower/ton, which also means that the MX-5 is potentially faster than the base Challenger. Power CurvesAnother caveat is that power and torque are relative. If you are a bit versed with cars, you know that engines have torque and power curves, curves that are based on the engineâs RPM. Therefore, it is paramount to know how that curve looks. If a power curve is more like a needle, do not expect it to move insanely fast. On the torque side, if you have a car with a high redline, there is a significant chance that you will have little torque at 2000 RPM, while also having little to no power, so the car will feel like a slug at low RPMs. A torque and power curve can also show you when your turbine kicks in fully, as such you should aim to drive around your turbine and not bog down the engine. By default, you can only find very little information concerning this, such as the RPMs where the torque and power are maximum. How Manufacturers Set RatingsFinally, there is something worth considering â how do manufacturers find these power and torque ratings? In the legislative realm, test standards do not forbid manufacturers from using premium gasoline or premium fuels. Thus, the majority of manufacturers tune their cars with the capability of detecting such fuels and adapting the engine to use them. In doing so, they can use larger compression ratios (since premium gas is more resistant to detonation and knocking) to gain a bit more power, up to 20-30 âhorsepower in some cases. Ford is well known for doing this with their line of Ecoboost turbocharged engines, but other manufacturers practice this as well. References
See Also â Get Boosted! Supercharging vs. Turbocharging Photos copyright Stumpwater Media Group, LLC. All rights reserved. The post Whatâs the Difference Between Horsepower and Torque? appeared first on Auto Trends Magazine. Whatâs the Difference Between Horsepower and Torque? published first on https://jacobslowpriceautoglass.tumblr.com/ via Tumblr Whatâs the Difference Between Horsepower and Torque? Eighteen months into a global pandemic and the world is tired of it all. Mask up. Mask off. Wash your hands. Six feet apart for social distancing. Covid testing. Vaccines. And the seemingly never-ending regimen repeats itself. One constant in all this is that automotive manufacturers have continued to introduce new products by getting them in the hands of journalists across the country. Thatâs a terrific feat, especially as nearly every auto show and in-person introduction has been canceled or, in some cases, limited to small groups with extraordinary precautions taken. But no one is staying idle. In fact, innovative thinking has kept the industry on the move. Infiniti, for example, temporarily changed its new vehicle introduction strategy to bring a new product directly to journalistsâ homes. Indeed, when the QX55 crossover was ready to launch this past winter, an Infiniti QX80 SUV towing an enclosed trailer containing the new model took over. This decision allowed journalists to experience a one-day preview and drive, but without the attendant crowds. It was a novel plan crafted by a PR team headed by Wendy Orthman, the General Manager of Infiniti Global Communications in Yokohama, Japan. And each personalized introduction was accompanied by much fanfare as lights and music supplied a festive touch. Fast forward six months and another Infiniti model was ready for journalist inspection. This time, the event was held on site in Californiaâs historic Napa Valley, one of the premier wine-producing regions in the world. The event was planned as COVID-19 conditions eased, but then surged just before the first guests arrived. No matter, Wendyâs team made the necessary adjustments, and over two weeks, journalists and lifestyle enthusiasts alike traveled to the Golden State to take in the sights as well as the all-new Infiniti QX60. Three-Row Utility VehiclesBefore we look at the new model, a bit of historical perspective is needed. The first-generation model of Infinitiâs midsize three-row crossover rolled out in 2013, sporting the Infiniti JX name. Just one year later, the company redid its naming convention, and the JX became the QX60. This generation lasted through 2020. No 2021 edition was built. That first model gave Infiniti a strong presence in the luxury three-row crossover utility vehicle segment. It also supplied consumers with an alternative to the big and burly three-row Infiniti QX80. While the QX80 is based on a truck platform, the QX60 is car-based. The midsize QX60 comes with standard front-wheel drive and available all-wheel drive. The full-size QX80 features standard rear-wheel drive and available four-wheel drive. 2022 Infiniti QX60 PreviewThe 2022 Infiniti QX60 seats up to seven people. Plush bucket seats mark the first row, while the second row offers either a bench seat for three or a pair of captainâs chairs for two. The third row is a two-place bench seat. This midsize model comes with a V6 engine and an automatic transmission. When properly equipped, the QX60 pulls up to 6,000 pounds, representing one of the highest ratings for its class. Trims and PricingInfiniti offers the 2022 QX60 in four trims. Each one comes with standard front-wheel drive and available all-wheel drive, the latter a $2,000 upgrade ($3,000 on the Autograph). The prices we list do not include the $1,025 destination charge. Customers have a choice of Pure ($46,850), Luxe ($52,900), Sensory ($56,350), and Autograph ($60,350) trims. There are certain factory-installed options available, including premium paint ($695) across all trims. The Luxe trim offers a Bose Performance Package ($900), while a Vision Package ($1,500) is available with the Luxe and Sensory trims. A Tow Package ($900) is exclusive to the Sensory AWD. Lastly, a super-premium paint option ($900) is available on all but the standard trim. There are also several port-installed accessories, including splash guards, running boards, and a lighting package. Illuminated kick plates and special crossbar options are also available. Thatâs the extent of the options; everything else is wrapped within each trim. Power UpUnder the hood of every 2022 QX60 is a naturally aspirated 3.5-liter V6 engine. It is the same V6 used since this model made its debut. This year, it maintains its ratings of 295 horsepower and 270 pound-feet of torque. For the first time, Infiniti uses an automatic transmission in the QX60, replacing the previous continuously variable transmission (CVT). The CVT gave the QX60 an important fuel efficiency advantage over traditional geared transmissions. But with more gears available, the ZF-supplied 9-speed automatic largely erases that difference. We will have more information about this powertrain in our driving impressions later. Infiniti QX60 Styling MattersHow do you improve upon a well-received design? Very carefully. Indeed, the first-generation QX60 has worn its visage well and remains every bit the luxury fetcher that it is. But after eight years, even that look demands an overhaul. Importantly, Infiniti knew that the streamlined persona of the first-generation QX60 had to remain even as a thoroughly modern substitute was conceived. Customers warmed to the QX60 as it advanced a sleek, curvy style while many of its competitors chose a blocky layout. The look is endearing and smart as the QX60 seems smaller than it is, at least on the outside. The new model retains the satiny exterior design while bringing in fresh elements, including a gaping grille wrapped in chrome and intersected by headlight housing. The narrow headlights offer a fitting contrast as they gently wrap around the front edges. Huge cutouts flank the grille with a wide, but narrow lower grille opening. The hood itself seems very wide with distinct creasing and edging giving it a formidable look. Without the KinkAlong the sides, the QX60 features large wheel wells offering a layered look. Chrome touches, a high beltline, and a tapered roofline are among the features of note. Gone this year is the rear pillar kink that has long defined this brand. Chrome embellishments remain, but it is a floating roof design that makes a difference. The rear fascia has the narrowest of LED lighting which is connected by a blacked-out bar. A spoiler and chrome-trimmed exhaust ports are other styling features of note. In all, the changes are not necessarily dramatic, but they combine to impart a thoroughly modern expression. Interior SerenityAutomotive manufacturers know that the cabin can set the mood for the occupants the moment they open the door. Loud chimes, bright lights, and odd bits of plastic are things of the past, at least in luxury models. Even most mainstream models are much better conceived, although when you invest in luxury you expect something better. The 2022 QX60 does not disappoint. In fact, it excites the senses. From pleasant color schemes to gentle lines, flowing curves, and choice materials, the QX60âs calling card is pleasant. Detailing is important to Infiniti. That was wholly evident in the quilted leather seats â the diamond patterns were varied, not uniform, but collectively they meshed well. Importantly, the seats were super comfortable, especially upfront. Thatâs because Infiniti uses the same zero-gravity seat design advanced by NASA. Here, you can sit in the seat for hours without feeling fatigued, although we recommend more frequent breaks when taking long trips. Other design details include a split dashboard, divided by color with a further split realized by vent ports. Chrome touches abound as does twin-stitched leather. The black open-pored ash wood trim found on the Sensory model is exquisite and gives this model a unique touch. Comfy Captainâs ChairsWe most definitely recommend opting for the second-row captainâs chairs. While they do not match the comfort level of the first row, these chairs are a force to be reckoned with. Moreover, the available removable storage console between the two seats is easy to remove or keep in place. Why not enjoy your seats and have a place to stow goodies for the long drive ahead? In any case, the second-row seats easily tumble forward, while the third row reclines. Heading back to the first row, all trims come with 8-way power-controlled front seats that are heated and cooled. Further, a massaging function is available with the aptly named Sensory edition. Moreover, this trim adds heated second-row seats, a power-return for the third-row seats, advanced climate control, and enhanced interior ambient lighting. As for storage space, there is 14.5 cubic feet behind the third row or 41.6 cubic feet with the last row folded. Drop down the second-and third-row seats, and there is 75.4 cubic feet of cargo space available. Safety FeaturesInfiniti imbues the QX60 with a bevy of driver-assist safety features. These include automatic emergency braking front and rear, blind-spot monitoring, and lane maintenance keeping and assist. Among the optional features are a surround-view camera system and adaptive lighting. Choose the available ProPilot Assist package and this one adds navigation along with limited hands-free driving. This system is the forerunner for what Infiniti has planned for autonomous driving. Tech FeaturesThe 2022 QX60 offers multiple improvements all around. In the tech zone, the changes are quite noticeable. To begin, six USB ports are standard (a seventh is added to the third row on the Sensory trim). Other standard features include a Wi-Fi hotspot, wireless Apple CarPlay, and wired Android Auto. On select trims, buyers can upgrade the standard 9-speaker audio system for a 17-speaker Bose Performance Series sound system. Wireless phone charging, a 10.8-inch head-up display, and a smart rear-view mirror are available. The latter two are part of a Vision Package that also brings in the adaptive front lighting system. Driving ImpressionsCaliforniaâs Napa Valley may not seem like the ideal place to put a new vehicle through the paces, but it is. It is more than just a valley, especially when you exit the area to take in winding roads, hills, and the rocky Pacific coast. Our trips brought us through numerous towns previously recognized on wine bottles, including Calistoga, Rutherford, Oakville, and Sebastopol. It was brown everywhere as the pernicious drought gripped the valley. Fortunately, smart water conservation ensures that the grapes will continue, although the yield forecast for this fall is down. Typically, automotive events require drive partners, but there were enough vehicles on hand for solitary driving. This writer did not mind, not because he was worried about pandemic-laced germs, but the freedom to drive with relative abandon. A Proper PowertrainThe QX60âs powertrain is properly matched to the vehicle. We have driven this model before and that one came with the CVT. With the automatic transmission, we noticed how quickly and smoothly the transmission shifted, calling upon the right gear for the moment. The V6 offers strong step-off acceleration and ample passing power. The engine never strains nor complains, but it does react swiftly. We found the steering weighty, the handling spot on, and the brakes were firm to the touch. Infiniti supplies a five-mode selector to adjust the driving conditions. Move up the sporty range and the gears hold longer, damping improves, and the steering adds weight. Models equipped with all-wheel drive benefit from direct coupling engagement that automatically moves upwards of 50-percent of the power to the rear wheels. The result is better traction and that is a desirable transition on wet roads, especially ice and snow. With one powertrain choice, the current QX60 offers a take it or leave it proposition. We think most customers will be happy with the choice. However, we cannot help but think that a hybrid version will return to the lineup. From 2014 to 2017 Infiniti offered a hybrid with a four-cylinder engine. Slow sales doomed that model, but we think there is room for a new hybrid if Infiniti chooses to go that route. Infiniti QX60 Parting ThoughtsThe 2022 Infiniti QX60 hits all the right notes and for this reason, it is worth further exploration. The volume models will be the two middle trims. With all-wheel drive and choice paint and package upgrades, a smartly equipped model will cost at least $55,000. Thatâs within the range of what we would expect for this model. Competing models in this segment as identified by Infiniti include the Acura MDX, Audi Q7, BMW X5, and the Lexus RX-L. We would also add the Cadillac XT6, Lincoln Aviator, and the Volvo S90 to the mix or any other three-row crossover with premium features such as the Jeep Grand Cherokee L. Finally, the Infiniti QX60 is built in Smyrna, Tennessee. The first models will arrive in dealer showrooms this fall. You can also order one. See Also â The 2022 Infiniti QX55 Hearkens to the FX Photos copyright Stumpwater Media Group, LLC. All rights reserved. Additional PhotosThe post We Preview the All-New 2022 Infiniti QX60 appeared first on Auto Trends Magazine. We Preview the All-New 2022 Infiniti QX60 published first on https://jacobslowpriceautoglass.tumblr.com/ via Tumblr We Preview the All-New 2022 Infiniti QX60 The Lexus ES delivers panache for an affordable price. The world of luxury models is a pricey one with customers easily paying $50,000 or more for their vehicle of choice. There are a few exceptions, but you must research carefully to find an exceptional deal. One strong exception is the Lexus ES, which has long served as a gateway to the brand. These days, though, the UX crossover is the brandâs value leader, with the ES a bit further up the price range. With that in mind, the 2022 Lexus ES is a segment value leader, with a starting price right at $40,000 and a fully equipped model retailing for about $50,000. In the luxury realm, it is a midsize model, but its rear seat space suggests a larger model. In all, the ES is a model to consider for anyone desiring the prestigious Lexus badge with personal budget constraints also in mind. Highlights of the 2022 Lexus ESWe are going to dispense with our typical review to focus on the specifics that set the 2022 ES apart in a crowded segment. This review will examine the highs of lows of the model to help you, our loyal readers, make an informed decision. The current-generation ES rolled out in 2019. For 2022, it reflects several important changes. We list these in each section moving forward. Other Lexus sedans to consider include the compact IS and the full-size LS. The previous GS was discontinued in 2020. Fancy Exterior StylingWe know that the ESâ front end is polarizing to not a few people. Some like it. Others hate it. No matter, the visage is strong â it is the hourglass (spindle) grille that largely gains all the attention. But it is not the grille alone that defines the nose. Elegant headlights, trademark LED accent lighting, and pronounced cutouts coupled with sharp lines make the grade. At a minimum, you will not confuse the ES with anything else on the road, except for another Lexus model. The ESâ profile is less dramatic but hardly forgettable. With its latest refresh, its appearance somewhat parallels the now-retired GS sedan and that is a styling direction we like. Besides enough character lines and sculpting touches, the current iteration features sharpened wheel wells, sporty wheel touches, a beltline that kicks up to meet the falling roofline, and a notched trunk. That rear fascia brings the hourglass design to the back, with wraparound lighting and diffuser-like trim apparent. A spoiler adds a sporty touch to the rear flank, a fitting capstone to this model. Comfortable, Roomy InteriorWe mentioned it previously and we will say it again: the ESâ interior is roomy and comfortable. When placed side-by-side with some competing full-size luxury sedans, the ES holds its own. The cabin is also whisper quiet â Lexusâ engineers did an outstanding job of ensuring that road noise is kept to a minimum. As for cabin quality, we admire the combination of premium materials and the excellent fit and finish that marks this sedan. The front seats are plush, supportive, and quite comfortable. Seat adjustments along with heating and cooling features easily make them the best seats in the house. The rear seat offers surprisingly superior legroom and is entirely comfortable for two adults or three in a pinch. Lexus delivers either imitation leather or real hides, along with available rear side window and rear window sunshades. If you want to provide your passengers with a near-limousine riding experience, you can do so in the ES. What is the only detraction here? The rear seat does not fold down to offer access to the trunk. However, the trunk space measures 16.7 cubic feet and that is an ample amount of room for a sedan this size. Available All-Wheel DriveThe Lexus ES has long represented a front-wheel-drive model in a segment dominated by rear-wheel-drive sedans with available all-wheel drive. Beginning in 2021, all-wheel drive was added, but it is only available with the four-cylinder engine. Indeed, Lexus rolled out a four-cylinder version to pair it with all-wheel drive, something you cannot find with the V6. We think offering all-wheel drive was the right decision for the ES. Now, customers can enjoy an extra measure of handling support, especially in snowy climates. Nonetheless, the ES does not pretend to match the driving acumen of the models such as the Mercedes E-Class or the BMW 5 Series. Instead, it advances its mission as a true boulevard car with its emphasis on city driving and is highly comfortable at that. This means power is not a priority with the base model and is something to keep in mind when shopping for this car. Potent V6 PowerThe ES has long offered a V6 engine to motivate the sedan. This 3.5-liter V6 offers potent power, as it delivers 302 horsepower and 267 pound-feet of torque. Like the base engine, this one also routes power to the wheels utilizing a smooth-shifting 8-speed automatic transmission. While every ES delivers responsive steering and a cushioned drive, the V6 is ideal for strong off-the-mark acceleration and passing power. Flip the transmission into manual shift mode and you will control the gears yourself. For those preferring a quicker response, the F Sport package with its adaptive dampers is a worthy choice. In any case, the V6 clearly outshines the base engine and its 215-horsepower output. Also available is an ES Hybrid. This model shares the same I4 engine, tuned to the Atkinson cycle. Under full throttle, it delivers a slight edge in performance over the standard four-cylinder engine. Importantly, this one averages a whopping 44 mpg. Safety is a Lexus StrengthRegardless of what you think about the ES in general, there is one area where this sedan continues to excel and that is in safety equipment. Indeed, every Lexus model can make the same claim, which underscores this brandâs mission for putting customer safety first. The centerpiece of this, going beyond the ESâ strong crash-test scores, are its standard features. These include automatic high beams, automatic emergency braking, active lane control, and adaptive cruise control. This year, blind-spot monitoring with rear cross-traffic alert becomes standard. Rear automatic emergency braking is available. Give us Tech, Please!One of the significant changes for 2022 has to do with the tech features. Gone is the confusing and frustrating scratch pad-controlled interface. In its place is a standard 8-inch touchscreen or available 12.3-inch touchscreen display. Moreover, the screen sits slightly closer to the driver for ease of access. On the larger of the two displays, drivers have a choice of viewing one screen or splitting it in two for different functions. Navigation, audio, and a smattering of other controls are now easily managed. The system is not as modern as some competitors, but it is an improvement over what was previously offered. Lexus supplies a standard 10-speaker audio system with HD radio and satellite radio. Besides the 8-inch display, this model comes with a Wi-Fi hotspot and one USB port. All trims come with Android Auto, Apple CarPlay, Amazon Alexa, and Bluetooth. Among the upgrades are the 12.3-inch screen and wireless device charging. Lexus also supplies a 17-speaker audio system. You can gain the complete package and still pay about $50,000 to acquire this model. Lexus ES Parting ThoughtsThe Lexus ES fulfills its mission and for that we are glad. The improvements this year, particularly in the tech department, are quite welcome. Lexus offers this model in ES250 and ES350 trims, based entirely on the engine choice. Interestingly, the prices for each ES250 model with available all-wheel drive match the corresponding ES350 trim. For us, we would take more power over all-wheel drive, but we can the latterâs appeal in wintry climates. See Also â Will We See a Lexus UC Version of the Toyota 86? Photos copyright Lexus. All rights reserved. The post The Lexus ES is for Budget-Minded Luxury Shoppers appeared first on Auto Trends Magazine. The Lexus ES is for Budget-Minded Luxury Shoppers published first on https://jacobslowpriceautoglass.tumblr.com/ via Tumblr The Lexus ES is for Budget-Minded Luxury Shoppers The octane rating varies between gasoline grades. An octane rating is something you notice at the gas pump. But what does it mean? Simply put, the octane rating shows how difficult it is for said gas to ignite from temperature and pressure. The higher the octane rating, the more challenging it is for it to ignite. Indeed, you may realize that an engine can become quite hot, hotter than what your temperature dial indicates. Furthermore, it can also reach very high pressures. For these reasons, certain cars require a specific octane rating. Octane RatingNow, what are these octane ratings, why do they matter, and what do they prevent precisely? Octane ratings are measures of fuel stability. Specifically, these ratings are based on the pressure at which fuel will self-ignite, such as under low volume, high pressure, and high temperature. The higher the rating, the more resistant to self-ignition it is. An engine works by moving a piston up and down, following certain strokes: intake, compression, ignition/expansion, and exhaust. The ignition is variable, based on RPM and engine load, but it should be in the pistonâs top dead center. This is highly variable, allowing the electronic control unit (ECU) to ignite said fuel before the top dead center, or even after the top dead center. Thermodynamics and physics say that when volume decreases, pressure increases, and when pressure increases, temperatures increase. Engine KnockA pistonâs top dead center is the time where the piston has the smallest amount of volume. As such, it also boasts its largest temperature and pressure. What happens when both are large enough that the fuel ignites before the spark is fired? Well, thatâs what people know as engine knock. For example, letâs assume that the crankshaft is spinning clockwise and that the top dead center of the piston is a mark that indicates 0-degrees of crankshaft rotation. If the spark happens before that top dead center, they are considered positive degrees, such as plus 10 degrees. Everything else after those are considered negative degrees, like -10 degrees. We want the spark to fire at that exact 0-degrees of rotation. But what if the piston is hot enough that it ignites the fuel at plus-40 degrees of crankshaft rotation? Well, the explosion pushes the piston down, but the piston wants to ove upwards due to inertia and work. Moreover, it wants to compress the air properly in its compression stroke. In this case, when the piston still moves upwards, the explosion happens, which pushes the piston down. Crankshaft degrees of rotation is negative. As such it will want to spin the engine oppositely. The engines spin in one way, clockwise in this case. Oppositely spinning an engine with an explosion will result in a large shock which can and will damage the engine, along with a loss of power. ECU TuningTo prevent this, car manufacturers tune the ECU and create injection and ignition maps. These maps tell the engine when to fire the spark, so knock doesnât happen. They choose this timing based on the octane rating. Notably, a higher octane allows engineers to pick more strict degrees of crankshaft rotation, like plus-2 degrees at high RPMs. A lower octane is followed by a looser timing of crankshaft rotation, such as plus-15 degrees. Therefore, âengine timingâ is a concern, and what âretarded timingâ and âadvanced timingâ mean. Advanced timing indicates that the spark fires before its top dead center, while retarded timing indicates that the spark fires after its top dead center. If engineers pick higher octane ratings, then they can use the engineâs mechanical work better. For example, an engine produces work for just 180-degrees of crankshaft rotation. Remember that a 4-stroke engine needs 720-degrees of crankshaft rotation for it to finish its stroke order. Thus, if the ignition happens after those 180-degrees of crankshaft rotation is done, that retarded timing uses up some of the engineâs torque as it has lost some of its stroke lengths. Knock SensorSome engines can alter their ignition timing, while most others cannot. For example, if the engine has a knock sensor, it can tell when the engine is starting to knock. Consequently, the ECU has all the information needed to know what gasoline was used. If it starts to knock later, then better gasoline is used, changing the ignition timing and producing more power in the process. If you have no such features or sensors, then the ECU canât know what gas youâre using. Knowing this, the engineers will pick a single octane rating and create an ignition timing map based on that octane alone. Choose the Correct OctaneImportantly, if you fuel the car with a higher octane than the car was designed, you are wasting money. For this reason, the regular octane rating in the US is 87. Most engineers tune cars to run on 87 octane. Again, using gasoline with a higher octane rating doesnât do anything. Some cars use an 89 octane rating, mostly sports cars and vehicles with a little bit of power, or manufacturers who simply prefer to use that for the most part such as Ford, or the Dodge Charger/Challenger series. As for premium gasoline, it has a 91/92/93 octane rating, which is used for sporty cars, like supercars. Racing fuels used in Formula 1 and Indycar have over 100 octane ratings, with fuel ratings of 112 octane or higher. Also, the Dodge Demon can utilize a 100 octane rating gasoline to achieve maximum performance. In this situation, the higher octane is preferred to extract all the necessary power, while the ignition timing has to be at the top dead center exclusively. Lastly, ongoing engine knock can be catastrophic, damaging pistons and the cylinder wall. References
Image AttributionInset photo by OpenClipart-Vectors from Pixabay Main photo by Gustavo Fring from Pexels See Also â Fuel Types and Your Car The post What Does an Octane Rating Indicate? appeared first on Auto Trends Magazine. What Does an Octane Rating Indicate? published first on https://jacobslowpriceautoglass.tumblr.com/ via Tumblr What Does an Octane Rating Indicate? |
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